Gambling involves wagering something of value on an event whose outcome is unknown, where the chances of winning are not equal for all players. Unlike skill-based games such as poker, which can be played using strategies that can improve one’s odds of winning, the outcome of gambling events is purely random. There are exceptions, however, as in sports betting where knowledge of playing strategy or the characteristics of horses and jockeys can enhance a better’s prediction of probable outcomes.
It is estimated that over half of the UK population take part in some form of gambling activity. For some this is an enjoyable pastime but for others it can cause serious harm to their physical and mental health, relationships and performance at work or study, leave them in debt and even lead to homelessness. It can also affect those close to them too – family, friends and work colleagues.
Understanding and responding to problem gambling can be difficult. Research scientists, psychiatrists and other treatment care clinicians often frame the issue differently based on their own disciplinary training, experience and special interests. The nomenclature used to describe a particular condition must also reflect this variety, which has led to a number of competing theories and models about the causes and consequences of pathological gambling. These include a general theory of addictions, reward deficiency syndrome, behavioral-environmental reasons and the biopsychosocial model.
These models and theories are important because they can determine intervention and research strategies, influence public opinion and policy decisions, and inform self-perceptions of pathological gamblers themselves. They also shape the definition of the disorder, which is a subset of a class of impulse control disorders that includes alcoholism and other addictive drugs.
Although there is a general consensus that gambling involves impulsiveness, data do not provide a clear explanation for how or why some people initiate or progress toward problematic gambling behavior. There is a strong correlation between sensation- and novelty-seeking and gambling, but there are also differences in how individuals weigh risk, control their impulses and make decision. These differences may be genetic, and research suggests that some people are predisposed to a desire for thrills or a tendency towards impulsivity.
In addition, a number of cognitive and motivational biases may contribute to an individual’s preference for certain types of gambling. These biases can distort perceptions of the odds and impede the ability to regulate risk or resist compulsion. These biases are similar to those that occur in other forms of risky behavior, such as drug or alcohol use. Lastly, cultural factors can also play a role. Many cultures view gambling as a social and entertaining activity, which can make it harder to recognize that an individual has a problem. This may make them less likely to seek help. In some cases, this can also be related to a lack of community support for those with gambling problems. This is particularly true in cultures that emphasize the importance of a strong family unit.